主题词：Cardiac, Anesthesia and Surgical Outcomes; Colorectal Cancer Surgical Treatments; Hernia repair and management; Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders; Diverticular Disease and Complications; History of Medical Practice; Esophageal and GI Pathology; Appendicitis Diagnosis and Management; Gastric Cancer Management and Outcomes; Pancreatic and Hepatic Oncology Research; Gastrointestinal disorders and treatments; Medical History and Innovations; Anorectal Disease Treatments and Outcomes; Biliary and Gastrointestinal Fistulas; Aortic aneurysm repair treatments; Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment; Pancreatitis Pathology and Treatment; Intestinal and Peritoneal Adhesions; Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies; Surgical Simulation and Training; Peripheral Artery Disease Management; Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis; Abdominal Surgery and Complications; Enhanced Recovery After Surgery; Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques